Figures and tables
Figures
(Figure 1.1) Reconstructions drawn by C.L. Laurillard, under the direction of Georges Cuvier, of the early mammals Anoplotherium and Palaeotherium, based on specimens he had reconstructed from the Tertiary deposits of the Paris Basin. These were some of the first, admittedly tentative, reconstructions ever made of fossil vertebrates. A. gracile is now placed in the genus Xiphodon and P minus in the genus Plagiolophus. (From Cuvier, 1834–1836.)
(Figure 1.2) An imaginative drawing of William Buckland transported back to Pleistocene times at Kirkdale Cavern, Yorkshire — a hyaena den full of bones of Pleistocene mammals. (After Buckland, 1823.)
(Figure 1.3) The succession of horse evolution, from the four-toed Orohippus from Middle Eocene sediments (left) to the modern one-toed horse, Equus (right). This evolutionary scheme was worked out in the 1870s by Huxley in Britain, Kovalevskii in Russia, and Marsh in North America, and it immediately became a textbook example of evolution. (From Gaudry, 1896.)
(Figure 1.4) Cladogram showing the postulated relationships of the major groups of birds, based on the work of Chiappe (1995, 2002) and others. (From Benton, 2005.)
(Figure 1.5) Cladogram showing the postulated relationships of the major groups of neognath birds, based on the work of Cracraft et al. (2004) and others. (From Benton, 2005.)
(Figure 1.6) Phylogenetic tree of birds, showing the relative importance of the different groups through time, their known fossil records, and postulated relationships, based on Unwin (1993), Chiappe (1995, 2002) and Cracraft et al. (2005). (From Benton, 2004.)
(Figure 1.7) Table showing the classification of the major groups of birds, based on the cladograms summarized in Figures 1.4–1.6. (From Benton, 2005.) t = extinct group
(Figure 1.8) Cladogram showing the postulated relationships of the major groups of mammals, and of the Mesozoic groups in particular, based on the work of Rowe (1988, 1993), Luo el al. (2001, 2002) and others. It also follows the alternative interpretation of Kielan-Jaworowska et al., (2004, fig. 15.2), which accepts the integrity of the Allotheria (Butler and Hooker, 2005). Branch points B, C, D, E. F, H and I are unnamed. (After Benton, 2005.).
(Figure 1.9) Relationships of the modern orders of placental mammals, based on morphological evidence. Modified after Novacek (1999) by the exclusion of extinct orders and the addition of some commonly used higher groupings, namely Euarchonta, Tethytheria. The weakest supported nodes are B and E. Nodes: A, Placentalia; B, Edema; C, Anagalida; D, Glires; E, Archonta; F, Euarchonta; G, Ungulata; H, Cetartiodactyla; I, Pantomesaxonia: J, Paenungulata; K, Tethytheria.
(Figure 1.10) The radiation of the mammals from Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene times in Europe and North America, showing four phases, one in the latest Cretaceous, a second in the earliest Paleocene, a third in the late Palaeocene, and a fourth in the earliest Eocene times, as far as the fossil record indicates. Groups that are now extinct are shaded black, extant orders are left blank: this shows the extent of the early proliferation of diverse groups that became extinct soon after. Relationships are based on morphological evidence. (After Benton, 2005.)
(Figure 1.11) Relationships of the modern orders of placental mammals based on molecular evidence. (From Benton, 2005.)
(Figure 1.12) Phylogeny of the mammals, showing relative abundance, known fossil record (solid lines) and postulated relationships (dashed lines). Relationships of modern groups based on molecular evidence. The time scale (left) is not to scale. (After Benton, 2005.)
(Figure 1.13) The classification of the major groups of mammals. The scheme for placental mammals is modified from McKenna and Bell (1997) using numerous recent sources including Janis et al., (1998); that for marsupials is from Kirsch et al. (1997); the nontherian mammal scheme is from various sources including Kielan-Jaworowslca and Hurum (2001) and Kielan-Jaworowslca et al. (2004). Families represented at British sites are in bold typeface. A breakdown into families is provided only when a given order is represented in Britain. Only the ranks class, subclass, infraclass, superorder, order and family are used, except in the Cetacea where a subordinal breakdown is given. Intervening ranks are shown hierarchically but without rank names as these vary greatly among authors. † = extinct group; '?' against a family indicates doubt as to position. Inverted commas indicate a paraphyletic group.
(Figure 1.14) (a) Map of Great Britain showing the distribution of the 23 discrete localities for Mesozoic and Tertiary GCR fossil bird and mammal sites, superimposed on the outcrop pattern of Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary rocks in Great Britain. (After Benton and Spencer, 1995.)
(Figure 2.1) Map showing the distribution of Mesozoic rocks in Great Britain. GCR Mesozoic mammal sites: 1 — Windsor Hill Quarry; 2 — Holwell Quarries; 3 — Bridgend Quarries; 4 — Stonesfield Slate Mines; 5 — Kirtlington Old Cement Works; 6 — Loch Scavaig; 7 — Watton Cliff; 8 — Upper Chicksgrove Quarry; 9 — Durlston Bay; 10 — Cliff End.
(Figure 2.2) Summary of British Mesozoic stratigraphy, showing the major British lithostratigraphical units. (Modified from Benton and Spencer, 1995; and other sources, using the timescale of Gradstein et al., 2004.)
(Figure 2.3) Map showing the distribution of Carboniferous Limestone and of tetrapoci-bearing GCR fissure sites in south-west England. (After Fraser, 1985.)
(Figure 2.4) Specimens of the uitylodont Oligokyphus from the Early Jurassic deposits of Windsor Hill Quarry, Somerset: (a) and (b) upper cheek dentitions of Oligokyphus minor and O. major respectively (anterior is to the bottom of the diagram); (c) skeletal reconstruction of Oligokyphus. (Based on Kühne, 1956.)
(Figure 2.5) Sketch of the north end (left-hand side) of Holwell Quarries, Somerset, showing the fissures, as identified and numbered by Charles Moore in his 1867 paper. (After Savage, 1993.)
(Figure 2.6) Upper molar of the haramiyid mammal Thomasia moorei from the Early Jurassic fissure filling of Holwell Quarries, Somerset, in crown (a) and internal (b) views. (From Simpson, 1928.)
(Figure 2.7) Bridgend Quarries GCR site, Glamorgan. Example of an Early Jurassic fissure fill in the Carboniferous Limestone. (Photo: W.A. Wimbledon.) genera (Kermack et al., 1973; Clemens, 1986).
(Figure 2.8) The skull of the basal mammal Morganucodon in lateral (a) and dorsal (b) views. (After Kermack et al., 1981.)
(Figure 2.9) The Stonesfield Slate Mines. (Based on Aston, 1974; after Benton and Spencer, 1995.)
(Figure 2.10) Tritylodont and mammal specimens from the Middle Jurassic deposits of Stonesfield Slate Mines, Oxfordshire. (a,b) Upper molar tooth of the tritylodont Stereognathus ooliticus in posterior (a) and occlusal (b) views. (c) Lower jaw, with teeth, of the amphilestid Phascolotherium bucklandi in internal view. (d,e) Cheek teeth of the amphitheriid Amphitherium prevostii; (d) broken right lower molar in external view; (e) left lower premolar 4 in external view. (Based on Owen, 1871; and Simpson, 1928.)
(Figure 2.11) General view of the disused Kirtlington Old Cement Works quarry, Oxfordshire. Exposures of White Limestone, Forest Marble and Cornbrash formations. (Photo: Dave Evans.)
(Figure 2.12) Mammal specimens from the Middle Jurassic sediments of Kirtlington Old Cement Works, Oxfordshire. (a) Lower molar of the morganucodontid Wareolestes rex, outer view. (b) Lower molar of the docodont Cyrtlatherium canei, outer view. (c) Lower molar of the amphilestid Amphilestes from Watton Cliff, Dorset, inner view. (d) Lower molar of the amphitheriid Palaeoxonodon ooliticus, inner view (e) Upper molar of Palaeoxonodon, back view. (Based on Freeman, 1979.)
(Figure 2.13) Loch Scavaig; Skye, general view of the successsion in the Kilmaluag (Mid Jurassic) Formation. (Photo: Colin MacFadyen.)
(Figure 2.14) Teeth and jaws from the Middle Jurassic sediments of Loch Scavaig, Skye. (a) Upper left molar tooth of the tritylodont Stereognathus hebridicus in crown view. (b–d) Left lower jaw of the docodont mammal Borealestes serendipitus in external, crown, and internal views. (After Waldman and Savage, 1972.)
(Figure 2.15) View to landward (looking towards the north-east) of part of the Watton Cliff GCR site, Dorset, exposing the late Bathonian succession. (Photo: R. Edmonds.)
(Figure 2.16) Collecting for research in the Portland Limestone Formation at the Upper Chicksgrove GCR site, which is important for both fossil reptiles and mammals. (Photo: W A. Wimbledon.)
[Figure 2.17 Not in printed volume]
(Figure 2.18) Cliff profiles of Durlston Bay showing the type section of the Durlston Formation. (After Strahan, 1898.)
(Figure 2.19) Teeth and jaws of mammals from the Early Cretaceous deposits of Durlston Bay, Dorset. (a) Left lower jaw of the docodont Peraiocynodon inexpectatus in external view. (b–d) Crown views of the known upper dentitions of the species of Bolodon; B. crassidens (b), B. osborni (c), and B. elongatus (d). (e) Left lower jaw of the triconodont Triconodon mordax in external view. (f) Composite reconstruction of the jaws and teeth of the triconodont Trioracodon ferox. (After Simpson, 1928.) (g) Internal view of the right lower teeth of the triconodont Thioracodon oweni. (h,i) Left lower molar of the spalacotheriid Spalacotherium tricuspidens in internal and external views. (j) Left lower jaw of the peramurid Peramus tenuirostris in external view. (k) Right lower jaw of the dryolestid Amblotherium pusillum in internal view. (l) Left maxilla of the dryolestid Kurtodon pusillus in internal view.(m) Right lower jaw of the dryolestid Phascolestes mustelula in internal view. (After Simpson, 1928.)
(Figure 2.20) Part of the Cliff End GCR site, east of Hastings, East Sussex. The Cliff End Bone Bed occurs at the top of the section. Fossil mammal teeth and bones have been found in fallen blocks from the bone bed on the foreshore. (Photo: R. Edmonds).
(Figure 2.21) Map showing the section of foreshore where fallen blocks of the Cliff End Bone Bed may be found in Fairlight Cove, east of Hastings. (MHWM = Mean high water mark; MLWM = Mean low water mark; after Cook, 1995a.)
(Figure 2.22) Teeth of mammals from the Early Cretaceous Cliff End Bone Bed, near Hastings, East Sussex. (a,b) Lower molar of Loxaulax valdensis in crown (a) and external (b) views. (c,d) Right upper molar of Melanodon hodsoni in external (c) and back (d) views. (Based on Simpson, 1928; and Clemens and Lees, 1971.)
(Figure 3.1) Map showing the distribution of Tertiary rocks in the UK. GCR Tertiary mammal sites: (1) Ferry Cliff; (2) Abbey Wood; (3) Creechbarrow Hill; (4) Hordle Cliff; (5) Headon Hill; (6) Lacey's Farm Quarry; (7) Whitecliff Bay; (8) Bouldnor Cliff.
(Figure 3.2) Summary of British Paleogene stratigraphy, showing the British formations and their main members calibrated to the timescale via biostratigraphy. Abbreviations: BB = Blackheath Beds; ELMA = European Land Mammal Age; EO-RHIN = Palaeotherium eocaenum–Lophiodon rhinocerodes Zone; FS = Palaeotherium curtum frohnstettense–P medium suevicum Zone; LAUT-S1D = Lophiodon lautricense–Lophiotherium siderolithicum Zone; Ma = millions of years before present; MBR = member; MC = Palaeotherium medium medium—I? curtum curtum Zone; MP = Paleogene Mammalian Reference level; NP = standard Paleogene calcareous nanno-plankton zonation; P = standard Paleogene planktonic foram zonation; PE = mammal zones spanning the Neustrian; PT = Isoptychus pseudosiderolithicus–Palaeotherium muehlbergi thaleri Zone; SD = Palaeotherium magnum stehlini–Tarnomys depereti Zone; SPB = Suffolk Pebble Beds; VN = Tarnomys quercyi vectisensis—Heterohyus nanus Zone. For space reasons, the SPB are shown overlying the Woolwich Formation; in fact they overlie the Reading Formation. (Modified from Schmidt-Kittler, 1987; I looker, 1992; 1996a; Hooker et al., 2004; Collinson, 1996.)
(Figure 3.3) History of the ecology of mammals in southern England during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs. Dietary shifts of the major groups are indicated as percentage abundance, based on numbers of specimens, within particular faunas (indicated at the side of each column). Two major groups, the rodents and perissodactyls, are shown. Among rodents, the generalist insectivore/frugivores gave way to more specialist frugivores and browsers in Middle Eocene times and to dominantly frugivore/browsers by Late Eocene times. Among perissodactyls, partly frugivorous early horses were replaced gradually by browsers. (Based on Collinson and Hooker, 1987.)
(Figure 3.4) The riverside exposure of the Suffolk Pebble Beds at Ferry Cliff, Suffolk. The notebook is resting on the 25–35cm-thick pebble unit that overlies Reading Formation sands (Photo: J.J. Hooker.).
(Figure 3.5) The Paleocene and Eocene sediments of the London Basin shown in a cross-section running from west to east across London. The Suffolk Pebble Beds are projected in from farther north. (After Savage and Russell, 1983.)
(Figure 3.6) Mammal specimens from the Suffolk Pebble Beds of Ferry Cliff, Suffolk. (a) Internal view of upper incisor tooth of the plesiadapid Platychoerops georgei from the Suffolk Pebble Beds of Ferry Cliff, Suffolk; (b,c) Left lower jaw fragment of the early horse relative Cymbalophus cuniculus in internal (b) and external (c) views. (After Hooker, 1984, 1991b.)
(Figure 3.7) The exposure of the fossiliferous Blackheath Beds at Abbey Wood, Greater London. Shown here is the Lessness Shell Bed, overlain by non-shelly sand. (Photo: J.J. Hooker.)
(Figure 3.8)(a–f) Mammal specimens from the Blackheath Beds of Abbey Wood, Greater London. (a,b) Right maxilla (a) and right lower jaw (b) of the primate Cantius eppsi, both in crown view. (c,d) Left maxilla of the hyopsodontid Lessnessina packmani, in crown (c) and external (d) views. (e,f) Right maxilla (reversed) of the hyopsodontid Hyopsodus wardi in crown (e) and external (f) views. (g–j) Teeth from a succession of horses in stratigraphical order from southern England (in each case, from left to right, lower molar 3, upper molar 1, upper premolar 3); (g) Cymbalaphus cuniculus from the Suffolk Pebble Beds of Kyson, Suffolk; (h) Pliolophus vulpiceps from the Blackheath Beds of Abbey Wood, Greater London; (i), P vulpiceps from the Harwich Stone Band (London Clay Formation) of Harwich, Essex; (j), Hyracotherium leporinum from divisions D and B of the London Clay Formation of Sheppey and Herne Bay, Kent. (After Simons, 1962; and Hooker, 1979, 1980, 1994a.)
(Figure 3.9) The exposure of the Creechbarrow Limestone Formation in an excavation in 1976 at Creechbarrow Hill, Dorset. The hole delimits the Creechbarrow Limestone, above which can be seen beds A–C of the superficial deposits. (Photo: JJ. Hooker.)
(Figure 3.10) Mammal specimens from the Creechbarrow Limestone Formation of Creechbarrow Hill, Dorset and Barton Clay Formation of Barton, Hants. (a) Upper molar tooth 1 of the marsupial Amphiperatherium aff. goethei in crown view. (b) Upper molar tooth 1 of the marsupial Amphiperatherium fontense in crown view. (c) Lower molar tooth 1 of the rodent Plesiarctomys curranti in crown view. (d) Lower molar tooth 1 or 2 of the rodent Sciuroides rissonei in crown view. (e) Upper deciduous premolar 4 of the rodent Suevosciurus authodon in crown view. (f,g) Lower jaw of the lipotyplan insectivoran Gesneropithex Agularis in external (f) and internal (g) views. (h) Upper premolar tooth 4 of the primate Nannopithex quaylei in crown view. (i) Upper molar tooth 1 of the primate Microchoerus wardorum in crown view. (j) Upper molar tooth 1 of the primate Microchoerus creechbarrowensis in crown view. (k) Upper molar tooth 2 of the primate Europolemur collinsonae in crown view. (1) Upper molar tooth 3 of the apatothere Heterohyus morinionensis in crown view. (m–o) Skull in lateral (m) and palatal (n) views and lower jaws in crown view (o) of the perissodactyl Plagiolophus curtisi curtisi. (p) Lower jaw fragment with molar tooth 3 of the artiodactyl Haplobunodon venatorum. m–o are from Barton, the remainder from Creechbarrow Hill. (After Hooker, 1986).
(Figure 3.11) Totland Bay Member resting on Becton Sand Formation, Hordle Cliff, looking towards Becton Bunny. (Photo: D.L. Harrison.)
(Figure 3.12) Fossil mammal specimens from the Totland Bay Member, Headon Hill Formation of Hordle Cliff, Hampshire. (a) Partial right lower jaw of the marsupial Amphiperatherium in external view. (b) Partial maxilla of the rodent Treposciurus gardneri in crown view. (c) Partial maxilla of the rodent Thalerimys headonensis in crown view. (d,e) Partial left lower jaw of the nyctithere Cryptotopos woodi in crown (d) and internal (e) views. (Based on Cray, 1973; Bosma, 1974; Hooker, 1991a.) (f,g) The primate Microchoerus erinaceus, palate and upper dentition (f) and partial left lower jaw in external view (g). (h) Partial left lower jaw of the primate Leptadapis magnus in external view. (Based on Cray, 1973.)(i,j) Complete pair of lower jaws of the creodont Hyaenodon minor in crown (i) and external (j) views. (Based on Cray, 1973.)
(Figure 3.13) Hatherwood Point, at the south-western end of the Headon Hill Formation outcrop on Headon Hill, Isle of Wight. The Hatherwood Limestone Member with lignite bed is shown (Photo: M.J. Benton.)
(Figure 3.14) Field sketch of the south-western end of Headon Hill, showing the major stratigraphical divisions. (Based on Insole et al., 1998.)
(Figure 3.15) Fossil mammal specimens from the Headon Hill Formation of Headon Hill, Isle of Wight. (a,b) Right lower jaw of the pantolestid Dyspterna bopwoodi in crown (a) and internal (b) views. (c,d) Partial left lower jaw of the insectivore Scraeva batherwoodensis in crown (c) and internal (d) views. (e) Fourth upper milk premolar of the rodent Suevosciurus bosmae in crown view. (Based on Cray, 1973; Bosma and de Bruijn, 1979; Hooker, 1991a.)
(Figure 3.16) Lacey's Farm Quarry, showing exposure of the Lacey's Farm Limestone Member.
(Figure 3.17) Fossil mammal specimens from the Headon Hill Formation of Lacey's Farm Quarry, Isle of Wight. Teeth of the rodent Thalerimys fordi in crown view. (a) Upper molar 1 or 2. (b) Upper premolar 4. (c) Upper milk premolar 4. (After Bosma and Insole, 1972.)
(Figure 3.18) The Bembridge Marls Member of the Bouldnor Formation at Whitecliff Bay, Isle of Wight. (Photo: Dave Evans.)
(Figure 3.19) Cliff profile of the Paleogene section at Whitecliff Bay, Isle of Wight. (After Insole et al., 1998.)
(Figure 3.20) The rodent Ectropomys exiguus from the Bouldnor Formation of Whitecliff Bay, Isle of Wight. (a) Upper molar 1 or 2. (b) Upper molar 3. (c) Upper premolar 4. (d) Upper milk premolar 4. All in crown view. (After Bosma and Schmidt-Kittler, 1972.)
(Figure 3.21) The fossiliferous Bembridge Limestone Formation and Bouldnor Formation at Bouldnor, Isle of Wight.
(Figure 4.1) Map showing the distribution of Tertiary rocks in Great Britain. GCR Tertiary bird sites: (1) Abbey Wood; (2) Walton-on-the-Naze; (3) Warden Point and the Isle of Sheppey; (4) Burnham-on-Crouch; (5) Bognor Regis; (6) Lee-on-the-Solent; (7) Hordle Cliff; (8) Bouldnor Cliff
(Figure 4.2) Specimens of Marinavis longirostris from Abbey Wood. An incomplete right dentary in external (a) and internal (b) views and parts of a premaxilla: posterior fragment (c) and the terminal hook of the beak (d). (Based on Harrison and Walker, 1977a.)
(Figure 4.3) Stratigraphy and facies relationships of the London Clay Formation in the Hampshire and London basins, with tentative correlations and assignment to standard global chronostratigraphy. Sedimentary discontinuities are shown by horizontal broken lines. The major bird sites are indicated. (Based on King, 1981.) Since this work was published, most of the unnamed formations in the Hampshire Basin have been named (see (Figure 3.2)).
(Figure 4.4) The London Clay Formation at Walton-on-the-Naze. (Photo: Dave Evans.)
(Figure 4.5) The small raptor Parvulivenator watteli from the London Clay Formation of Walton-on-the-Naze. (a,b) Lower end of the tarsometatarsus in posterior (a) and internal (b) views. (c–f) External views of four toe bones; (c) the basal phalanx of the third digit; (d) the basal phalanx of the first digit; (e) a possible second phalanx of the second or third digit; (f) the basal phalanx of the second digit. (After Harrison, 1982a.)
(Figure 4.6) The fossiliferous London Clay Formation at Bognor Regis. (Photo: Dave Evans.)
(Figure 4.7) Specimens of fossil birds from the London Clay Formation of Bognor Regis. (a—c) The swift Primapus lacki; humerus in palmar view (a), and coracoid in ventral (b) and dorsal (c) views. (d,e) Distal end of the left humerus of the charadriiform Praecursor parvus in anconal (d) and palmar (e) views. (f,g) distal end of the right tarsometatarsus of the cuckoo Procuculus minutus in posterior (f) and anterior (g) views. (h,i) Carpometacarpus of the postulated songbird Primoscens minutus in proximal (h) and palmar (i) views. (After Harrison, 1973, 1982b,c; and Harrison and Walker, 1977a.)
(Figure 4.8) The London Clay Formation exposed at Warden Point, Isle of Sheppey, showing collapsed cliffs and fossil-bearing material on the foreshore. (Photo: D.J. Ward.)
(Figure 4.9) Specimens of fossil birds from the London Clay Formation of Warden Point, Isle of Sheppey. (a) Thoracic region of the lithornithid Lithornis vulturinus, mainly in left lateral view. (b,c) Skull of the prophaethontid Prophaethon shrubsolei in dorsal (b) and left lateral (c) views. (d,e) Skull of the pelagornithid Odontopteryx toliapica in dorsal (d) and right lateral (e) views. (f,g) Skull of the pelagornithid Macrodontopteryx oweni in dorsal (f) and right lateral (g) views. (h) Left external view of a fragment of the beak of the pelagornithid Pseudodontornis longidenta. (i,j) Proximal end of the right tarsometatarsus of the procellariid Neptuniavis miranda in anterior (i) and posterior (j) views. (k) Thoracic region of the cuckoo Promusophaga magnifica, mainly in left lateral view. (Based on Harrison and Walker, 1976b, 1977a.)
(Figure 4.10) Reconstructions of the skulls of sea birds, extinct and modern: the extinct 'toothed' pelagornithids (a–c) and modern pelecaniforms and procellariiforms (d–j). (a) Osteodontornis orri, (b) Odontopteryx toliapica, (c) Pseudodontornis longirostris, (d) the pelican Pelecanus crispus, (e) the shoebill stork Balaeniceps rex, (f) the giant petrel Macronectes giganteus, (g) the gannet Sula bassana, (h) the albatross Diomedea chrysostoma,(1) the tropic bird Phaethon lepturus, (j) the frigate bird Fregata aquila. (After Harrison and Walker, 1976b.)
(Figure 4.11) Bird fossils from the London Clay Formation of Burnham-on-Crouch. (a,b) Distal end of left tarsometarsus of the quail Coturnipes cooperi in anterior (a) and external (b) views. (c,d) Left tar-sometatarsus of the cuckoo Parvicuculus minor in medial (c) and anterior (d) views. (After Harrison and Walker, 1977a; and Harrison, 1982c.)
(Figure 4.12) General view of the Lee-on-the-Solent GCR site, which provides foreshore exposures of Middle Eocene sediments, one of the very few Middle Eocene fossil bird localities. (Photo: Dave Evans.)
(Figure 4.13) Bird fossils from the Middle Eocene Selsey Sand Formation of Lee-on-the-Solent, Gosport, Hampshire. (a) Tarsometatarsus of the gamebird Percolinus proudlocki in anterior view. (b,c) Tarsometatarsus of the gamebird Litoripes medius in posterior (b) and internal (c) views. (d) Distal end of the tarsometatarsus of the falconiform Milvoides kempi in anterior view. (e) Distal end of the humerus of the rail Parvirallus gracilis in anterior view. (f,g) Distal end of the tibiotarsus of the rail Latipons gardneri in posterior (f) and external (g) views. (h,i) Distal end of the tibiotarsus of the rail Latipons robinsoni in posterior (h) and external (1) views. (After Harrison and Walker, 1979a.)
(Figure 4.14) Bird fossils from the Late Eocene Headon Hill Formation of Hordle Cliff, Hampshire. (a) Proximal end of the right coracoid of the presbyornithid Headonornis hantoniensis in dorsal view. (b,c) Left humerus of the diver Colymboides anglicus in palmar (b) and anconal (c) views. (d) Upper portion of the beak of the pelican Piscator tenuirostris in left lateral view. (e) Proximal end of the right ulna of the ciconiiform Actiornis anglicus in palmar view. (f) Claw of the falconiform ?Aquifavus in lateral view. (g) Distal portion of the right tibiotarus of the crane Palaeogrus hordwelliensis in anterior view. (h) Left coracoid of the crane Geraniopsis hastingsiae in ventral view. (i) Distal portion of the right tibiotarsus of the rail Ibidopsis hordwelliensis in anterior view. (j) Distal portion of the left coracoid of the thick-knee Petropluvialis simplex in ventral view. (After Harrison and Walker, 1976c.)
(Figure 4.15) Bird fossils from the Early Oligocene Bouldnor Formation of Bouldnor Cliff, Isle of Wight. (a—c) Bones of the eleutherornithid Proceriavis martini; cervical vertebra in dorsal view (a), and basal phalanx of right digit 4 in ventral (b) and external (c) views. (d) Proximal end of the right scapula of the presbyornithid Headonornis hantoniensis in ventral view. (e,f) left coracoid of the right scapula of the duck Palaeopapia eous in ventral (e) and dorsal (f) views. (g,h) Proximal end of the left tarsometatarsus of the gamebird Argillipes magnus in posterior (g) and external (h) views. (i,j) Distal end of the left tarsometatarsus of the falconiform Oligocathartes olsoni in dorsal (i) and ventral (j) views. (After Harrison and Walker, 1979b.)
Tables
(Table 2.1) The stratigraphy of the Stonesfield Slate
(Table 2.2) Composite section of the Kirtlington Old Cement Works GCR site, Oxfordshire (after Benton and Spencer, 1995)
(Table 2.3) Section of the Watton Cliff GCR site
(Table 2.4) Section of the Durlston Bay GCR site
(Table 2.5) Section of the Cliff End GCR site
(Table 3.1) The sedimentary log for the Creechbarrow GCR site, from Hooker (1986)
(Table 3.2) The sedimentary sequence at Hordle Cliff (after Edwards and Daley, 1997)
(Table 3.3) Simplified sedimentary log for Headon Hill (based on Cray, 1973, Insole and Daley (1985) and personal observations by the present author, J.J.H, for the Headon Hill Formation, and Hooker et al. (1995), for the Bembridge Limestone Formation)
(Table 3.4) A sedimentary log of the succession in the quarry (from Insole and Daley, 1985)
(Table 3.5) The measured section of the Solent Group for Whitecliff Bay (after Insole and Daley, 1985; Daley and Edwards, 1990)
(Table 3.6) Section for Bouldnor Cliff (after Benton and Spencer, 1995)
(Table 4.1) Section at Walton-on-the-Naze (Cooper, 1970)
(Table 4.2) Composite section at Walton-on-the-Naze (George and Vincent, 1977, p. 84)
(Table 4.3) Succession of the London Clay Formation at Bognor Regis after King (1981) and Venables (1962)
(Table 4.4) Description of the London Clay Formation on the Isle of Sheppey based on King (1984)
(Table 4.5) Succession of Elmore Member sediments at Elmore, Lee-on-the-Solent modified from Kemp et at. (1979)
(Table 4.6) Succession of Selsey Formation sediments at Lee-on-the-Solent, north-west of Elmore, from Kemp (1985, pp. 35–8)
References