Bridgland, D.R. 1994. Quaternary of the Thames. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 7. JNCC, Peterborough, ISBN 0 412 48830 2. The original source material for these web pages has been made available by the JNCC under the Open Government Licence 3.0. Full details in the JNCC Open Data Policy

Tables

(Table 1.1) Correlation of Quaternary deposits within the Thames system. Rejuvenations that have occurred since the Anglian glaciation are indicated. [Image only]

(Table 2.1) Lithostratigraphical classification of Upper Thames deposits.

Group Formation Member
Northmoor Gravel

(= Floodplain Terrace)
Summertown-Radley Eynsham Gravel
Stanton Harcourt Gravel
Stanton Harcourt Channel Deposits
Wolvercote Gravel Wolvercote Channel Deposits
Hanborough Gravel
Northern Drift Freeland Sugworth Channel Deposits
Combe
Wilcote
Ramsden Heath
Waterman's Lodge

(Table 2.2) Stratigraphical interpretation of the Upper Thames deposits advocated in this volume.

Formation Member Climate
Summertown-Radley Unnamed upper gravel at Eynsham Cold
Eynsham Gravel Temperate
Stanton Harcourt Gravel Cold
Stanton Harcourt Channel Deposits Temperate
Unnamed lower gravel at

Summertown

 Cold

(Table 2.3) Stratigraphical subdivisions of the Summertown-Radley Formation.

Lithostratigraphical unit Terrace model (Chapter 1) Oxygen Isotope Stage
Uppermost gravel at Eynsham Phase 4 5d–2?
Eynsham Gravel Member Phase 3 5e
Stanton Harcourt Gravel Member Phases 2 and 4 6
Stanton Harcourt Channel Deposits Phase 3 7
Gravel underlying interglacial deposits at sites with Corbicula Phase 2 8

(Table 3.1) Correlation of tributary and main Thames formations within the Pebble Gravel Group and other pre-diversion gravels in the Middle Thames and Vale of St Albans regions.

Stoke Row Gravel Stanmore Pebble Gravel (500 ft)

Gravel
Nettlebed Gravel
Gerrards Cross Gravel Equivalents may be represented within undifferentiated gravels west of Lower Lea valley
Rassler Gravel
Beaconsfield Gravel
Satwell Gravel
Chorleywood Gravel Pebble Gravel
Westland Green Gravel Northaw Pebble Gravel (400 ft)
Stoke Row Gravel Stanmore Pebble Gravel (500 ft)
Nettlebed Gravel

(Table 3.2) Clast-lithological data (in percentage of total count) from the Middle Thames and Vale of St Albans (compiled from various sources). The data concentrates on key sites, GCR sites and localities mentioned in the text. Note that many different size ranges are included and that these yield strikingly different data (this can be observed where results from different fractions from the same deposits have been analysed). As in (Table 4.2), (Table 5.1) and (Table 5.3), the igneous category includes metamorphic rocks (very rarely encountered) and the quartzite category includes durable sandstones. The Tertiary flint category comprises rounded pebbles (sometimes subsequently broken) reworked from the Palaeogene (see glossary with (Table 4.2)).

Gravel Site Sample Sixe range Tertiary Total Chalk Gnsd chert Total Quartz Quartzite Carb chert Rhax chert Igneous Total Ratio qtz:qtzt Total count Source
Shepperton Gravel Shepperton 1 8–32 4.2 95.4 1.1 1.1 2.3 1.2 3.5 1.85 569 Gibbard (1985)
Bray 8–32 3.4 95.5 0.6 0.8 2.7 1.1 3.7 2.43 642 Gibbard (1985)
Kempton Park Gravel Kempton 1 8–32 11.1 62.5 1.5 1.5 28.2 7.8 37.5 2.21 397 Gibbard (1985)
Park
Taplow Gravel Taplow 1 8–32 2.5 91.4 2.1 2.1 5.0 1.5 6.5 3.26 525 Gibbard (1985)
Fern House Pit 1 8–32 5.3 93.4 1.5 1.5 1.8 3.2 5.0 0.57 778 Gibbard (1985)
Lynch Hill Gravel Lynch Hill 1 8–32 8.3 91.3 1.9 1.9 4.1 2.7 6.8 0.57 635 Gibbard (1985)
Cannoncourt 12 11.2–16 12.7 86.1 4.8 5.1 4.2 2.9 0.9 0.2 0.4 8.8 1.46 454 Harding et at (1991)
Farm Pit 13 11.2–16 9.7 90.5 4.6 4.6 1.8 1.8 1.0 0.2 4.8 1.00 611 Harding et al. (1991)
Switchback Pit 14 11.2–16 12.6 87.6 4.0 4.4 3.8 3.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 8.0 1.13 452 Harding et al. (1991)
Cannoncourt (tributary) gravel Ca Fm Pit 15 11.2–16 1.9 96.1 2.8 3.1 0.2 0.7 0.9 459 Harding et al. (1991)
Boyn Hill Gravel Boyn Hill 1 8–32 6.6 88.9 2.5 2.5 6.6 2.1 8.7 3.21 401 Gibhard (1985)
Black Park Gravel Black Park 1 8–32 9.1 84.6 3.0 3.0 8.5 3.7 12.4 2.27 507 Gibbard (1985)
Highlands Fm 1 8–32 5.1 86.4 0.8 0.8 6.3 5.9 0.5 0.2 12.9 1.08 662 Gibbard (1985)
Ugley Gravel Ugley Park 1 16–32 32.5 68.1 13.3 2.7 0.6 1.8 0.2 1.5 20.3 4.50 671 Bridgland (1983a)
Quarry 2 16–32 2.2 53.6 26.4 1.6 1.0 1.9 1 1.2 19.9 1.57 683 Bridgland (1983a)
3 8–16 1.6 50.8 28.0 1.6 3.4 0.5 1 0.8 21.2 1.63 1139 Cheshire(1986a)
5 8–16 0.6 44.7 38.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.6 0.2 0.9 0.9 17.1 0.33 1261 Cheshire(1986a)
Westmill 11 8–64 • 61.8 21 • 4.5 8.5 • • 0.53 440 Gibbard (1974. 1977)
Westmill 14 8–64 • 63.2 19.8 • • 11.6 3.8 • • • • 3.02 444 Gibbard (1974, 1977)
Hoddesdon Gravel Westmill 5 8–64 • 80.5 4.0 • • 11.2 0.7 • • • • 15.72 367 Gibbard (1974, 1977)
Westmill 6 8–64 • 69.6 13.2 • • 12.9 0.5 • • • • 28.73 441 Gibbard (1974, 1977)
Westmill 10 8–64 • 74.4 4.0 • • 13.6 1.2 • • • • 11.83 349 Gibbard (1974, 1977)
Bullscross Farm 23 8–16 4.2 90.1 0.5 0.5 2.1 3.7 0.2 0.9 0.4 9.4 0.57 968 Cheshire (1986a)
Smug Oak Gravel Moor Mill 1 8–64 • 80.6 1.2 • • 16.5 1.6 • • • 10.31 428 Gibbard (1974)
2 8–64 • 80.6 0.7 • • 17.8 0.7 • • • 25.43 738 Gibbard (1974)
Westmill Lower Gravel Westmill 1 8–64 • 88.3 • • 9.3 1.1 • • • • 8.45 451 Gibbard (1974, 1977)
4 8–64 • 82.0 1.4 • • 15.8 0.5 ' ' • • 31.60 315 Gibbard (1974, 1977)
Moor Mill 1 8–64 • 87.7 0.4 • 9.6 2.1 • • • 4.57 507 Gibbard (1974)
2 8–64 • 89.6 0.4 • • 11.3 2 • • • 5.65 455 Gibbard (1974)
Winter Hill Gravel Winter Hill 1 8–32 6.4 81.0 6.6 6.6 9.8 2.4 0.2 12.4 4.08 500 Gibbard (1985)
Mapledurham 1 8–32 5.9 72.8 17.1 8.5 0.6 27.2 2.01 340 Gibbard (1985)
Stoke Common 1 8–32 8.0 82.8 1.4 1.4 9.9 4.4 0.3 0.8 15.8 2.25 667 Gibbard (1985)
Gerrards Cross Gravel Gerrards Cr. 1 8–32 18.8 66.7 1.8 1.8 23.6 7.3 0.2 31.5 3.24 508 Gibbard (1985)
2 8–32 18.9 57.0 1.4 1.4 31.7 8.1 41.6 3.92 507 Giblvard (1985)
19 11.2–16 • 37.7 1.5 1.5 33.6 25.6 • • 60.8 1.31 • Green & McG. (1978a)
21 11.2–16 • 41.9 3.4 3.4 17.6 34.4 • • 54.7 0.51 • Green & McG. (1978a)
Westwood Qu. 1 8–32 15.3 57.6 1.4 1.4 27.2 10.4 0.3 41.0 2.61 595 Gibbard (1985)
2 8–32 13.0 59.7 1.5 1.5 27.6 9.0 0.7 0.5 38.8 3.06 744 Gibbard (1985)
25 11.2–16 • 51.8 2.8 2.8 21.2 22.0 1.0? 0.4 45.4 0.96 • Given & KG. (1978I & c)
Upper colluvial gravel 26 11.2–16 • 89.5 0.4 0.4 5.7 3.5 10.1 1.63 • Green& McG. (197Ra & c)
Beaconsfield Gravel Flackwell Hth 1 8–32 10.5 86.5 0.3 0.3 7.5 5.4 0.3 13.2 1.39 334 Gibbard (1985)
Beaconsfield 1 8–32 9.8 47.4 1.0 1.0 42.9 8.7 52.6 4.94 622 Gibbard (1985)
2 8–32 11.1 62.5 1.5 1.5 28.2 7.8 37.5 2.21 397 Gibbard (1985)
Satwell Gravel Satwell 1 8–32 6.0 32.3 42.9 11.0 1 67.7 3.90 514 Gibbard(1985)
Additional formation? Chorleywood 1 8–16 • 35.2 • • 44.2 18.0 • • • 2.46 • Moffat (1986)
1 16–32 • 44.8 • • 27.9 22.3 • • • 1.25 • Moffat (1986)
10 11.2–16 • 52.1 2.1 2.1 28.5 15.4 • • 45.8 1.85 • Green & McG. (1978a)
Gravel Site Sample Sixe range Tertiary Total Chalk Gnsd chert Total Quartz Quartzite Carb chert Rhax chert Igneous Total Ratio qtz:qtzt Total count Source
Westland Green Gravels Gray's Pond 1 8–32 13.2 88.2 7.0 4.6 0.2 11 8 1.50 517 Gibbard (1985)
Chalfont 1 8–16 • 37.6 • • 46.1 14.6 • • 3.15 • Moffat (1986)
St Giles 1 16–32 • 56.5 • • 22.1 15.9 • • • 1.33 • Moffat (1986)
2 8–16 ' 33.7 • • 42.6 19.3 • ' • 2.21 • Moffat (1986)
2 16–32 • 51.1 • • 20.1 16.9 • • • 1.19 • Moffat (1986)
Hodgemoor Wood 1 16–32 42.0 66.0 0.5 0.5 22.0 10.0 1.5 • 33.5 2.20 • Hey (1965)
86 11.2–16 • 52.2 0.7 0.7 26.4 18.8 • • 47.0 1.40 • Green& McG. (1978a)
Westland Green 1 16–32 53.0 75.0 0.8 0.8 16.0 6.5 1.3 • 24.2 2.46 • Hey (1965)
Stoke Row Gravel Stoke Row 1 16–32 29.0 66.0 21.0 6.7 4.7 • 34 3.13 • Hey (1965)
2 8–32 15.4 46.1 49.9 3.8 0.3 53.9 3.16 369 Gibbard (1985)
Bedmond 1 8–16 • 41.6 • • 42.1 10.3 • • • 4.09 • Moffat (1986)
1 16–32 • 72.3 • • 14.3 8.9 • • • 1.61 • Moffat (1986)
Sherrardspark Wood 1 8–16 • 36.4 • • 42.8 10.1 • • • 4.24 • Moffat (1986)
1 16–32 • 74.8 • • 14.2 6.7 • • • 2.12 • Moffat (1986)
2 8–16 29.8 40.7 0.1 0.1 42.0 12.9 2.9 59.2 3.26 • Cheshire(1986a)
Fumeux Pelham 1 16–32 52.9 74.6 0.2? 0.2? 18.7 6.0 0.5 25.1 3.12 418 Hey (pers. comm.)
7 8–16 23.1 45.9 0.3 0.3 37.5 10.3 2.8 • 53.8 3.64 • Cheshire (1986a)
7 16–32 56.6 69.0 0.9 0.9 16.8 10.6 1.8 • 30.1 1.58 • Cheshire (1986a)
Nettlebed Gravel Nettlebed 1 8–16 • 83.9 11.9 0.6 1.8 16.1 19.83 • Moffat (1986)
1 16–32 • 96.2 1.4 0.3 1.7 3.8 4.67 • Moffat (1986)
Windmill Hill C 8–32 32.0 85.0 10.6 4.2 0.2 15 2.55 719 Gibbard (1985)
B 8–32 37.5 81.3 15.1 3.4 0.3 18.7 4.49 416 Gibbard (1985)
GCR site, above organics 0 8–32 39.5 81.7 14.0 4.1 0.1 18.2 3.41 729 Gibbard (1985)
Kimble Farm 1 8–32 32.8 92.7 3.9 3.0 0.5 7.3 1.30 281 Gibbard (1985)
Little Heath Deposit Little Heath 1 8–16 • 99.5 0.2 0.3 0.5 • Moffat (1986)
1 16–32 • 95.0 3.1 0.2 1.7 5 15.50 • Moffat (1986)
2 8–16 • 99.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.00 • Moffat (1986)
2 16–32 • 95.6 3.2 0.1 1.1 4.4 32.00 • Moffat (1986)
Tributary gravels (Mole-Wry system)
Dollis Hill Gravel and similar Dollis Hill 1 8–64 44.3 91.3 7.0 7.0 • • • 1.7 368 Gibbard (1979)
Cockfosters 1 8–64 22.0 90.6 6.3 6.3 • • • 3.2 464 Gibbard (1979)
Nursery Grove 1 8–16 45.6 74.8 11.3 11.3 7.4 2.4 • 13.9 3.08 1509 Cheshire (1986a)
Bullscross Fm 11 8–16 56.0 86.1 9.3 9.3 1.8 0.4 1.1 4.6 4.50 1072 Cheshire (1986a)
Northaw Pebble Gravel Northaw 1 16–32 78.0 92 0.7 0.7 4.4 2.2 0.7 8 2.00 • Hey (1965)
Great Wood 5 8–16 50.0 62.3 0.2 0.2 24.9 7.1 0.6 37.5 3.51 • Cheshire (1986a)
5 16–32 77.1 90.9 0.5 0.5 2.5 3.1 8.6 0.81 • Cheshire(1986a)
Stanmore Pebble Gr. Harrow 1 8–16 • 87.7 • • 9.0 0.6 • • 15.00 • Moffat (1986)
Weald Com. 1 16–32 • 98.9 • • 0.3 0.3 • • 1.00 • Moffat (1986)
• Information not provided by the source cited.

(Table 3.3) Post-Winter Hill terraces and gravel formations in the Middle Thames and Kennet valleys.

Thames Kennet
Terrace Gravel formation Terrace Gravel formation
Lower Floodplain Shepperton Beenham Grange

*

 *
Upper Floodplain Kempton Park within Thatcham? *
Taplow+ Taplow+ Thatcham+ *
Lynch Hill Lynch Hill * *
Boyn Hill Boyn Hill * *
Black Park Black Park Hamstead Marshall Silchester
Winter Hill Winter Hill Upper Winter Hill of Thomas (1961) *
* not separately named.

+ lower and upper (geomorphological) divisions of the Taplow and Thatcham Terraces were recognized by Sealy and Sealy (1956) and Cheetham (1980) respectively. The validity of these is doubtful (see Fern House Pit).

(Table 3.4) Stratigraphy of the Thatcham Terrace deposits at Brimpton (after Bryant et al., 1983).

Lithology * — Local pollen zones Interpretation/age
1. Upper silty gravels F — Non-arboreal pollen Cold (stadial) late mid-Devensian (14C 27,400 ± 1250 BP (BM-1638))
2. Lower sandy gravels E — Gramineae–Betula–Pinus Brimpton Interstadial
D — Cyperaceae–Betula Cold (stadial)
C — Betula–Pinus–Picea Chelford Interstadial
B — Non-arboreal pollen Cold (stadial)
A — Non-arboreal pollen–Betula–Pinus Late Ipswichian or Wretton Interstadial

(Table 4.1) The Pleistocene fluvial sequence in the Lower Thames (first published usage of lithostratigraphical terms in reference given in parentheses), with proposed correlations with the Middle Thames sequence, Pleistocene stages and oxygen isotope stages.

Formation etc (First publication) Type locality (National Grid Ref.) Middle Thames equivalent Stage 18O
East Tilbury Marshes Gravel (Bridgland, 1983b) East Tilbury Marshes [TQ 688 784] Kempton Park Gravel mid to late Devensian 6–27
(West Thurrock Gravel) (Gibbard et al., 1988)6 Lion Pit tramway cutting [TQ 597 779] (Reading Town Gravel)6 (early Devensian) (?5d)
Interglacial Beds at Trafalgar Square Brentford deposits' Ipswichian 5e
Mucking Gravel (Bridgland, 1983b) Mucking [TQ 689 815] Taplow Gravel late Saalian 8–64
Interglacial beds at West Thurrock, Aveley etc. Intra-Saalian 7
Corbets Tey Gravel (Gibbard, 1985) Corbets Tey [TQ 570 844] Lynch Hill Gravel mid-Saalian 10–83
Interglacial beds at Purfleet and Grays Intra-Saalian 9
Orsett Heath Gravel (Bridgland, 1983b) Orsett Heath [TQ 668 803] Boyn Hill Gravel early Saalian 12–102
Interglacial beds at Swanscombe Hoxnian sensu Swanscombe 112
(Dartford Heath Gravel) (Gibbard, 1979)' Wansunt Pit [TQ 514 7360] (?Black Park Gravel) (late Anglian) (12)
1 The separate existence of the Dartford Heath Gravel, the subject of a lengthy controversy, is doubtful (see Wansunt Pit). This is thought to be part of the late Anglian to early Saalian Orsett Heath Formation.

2 The Boyn Hill/Orsett Heath Formation includes the interglacial sediments at Swanscombe, here attributed to 18O Stage 11 (referred to as Hoxnian sensu Swanscombe in this volume).

3 Aggradation of the terrace deposits included within the Corbets Tey Formation began prior to the interglacial represented at Purfleet and Grays.

4 Aggradation of the terrace deposits included within the Mucking Formation began prior to the interglacial represented at West Thurrock, Aveley etc.

5 Described by Trimmer (1813) and Zeuner (1959).

6 The separate existence of the West Thurrock and Reading Town Gravels is disputed in this volume. These are believed to be part of the late Saalian Taplow/Mucking Formation (see West Thurrock and Fern House Pit).

7 The Ipswichian sediments at Trafalgar Square and Brentford are regarded here as part of the Kempton Park Formation (see Chapter 3, Fern House Pit). This formation is considered to represent aggradation from the end of Stage 6 (gravel underlying the Trafalgar Square sediments, the Spring Gardens Gravel of Gibbard, 1985) to the mid-Devensian.

(Table 4.2) Clast-lithological data from the Lower Thames. All counts by the author, at 16–32 mm size range, except those in italics, which are 11.2–16 mm counts. Note that non-durables (including Chalk) are excluded from the calculations, but Chalk is shown in this table as a relative % of the total durables.

(Table 5.1) Lithostratigraphy of fluvial gravels in Essex.

Gravel Site Sample Teriary Nodular Total (1) Chalk Gnsd chert Total Quartz Quartzite Carb chert Rhax chert Igneous Total Ratio (qtz:qtzt) Total count National Grid Reference
East Tilbury Marshes Gr. E.Tilhury Mshs 1 D 58.9 9.9 96.2 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 2.7 1.40 745 [TQ 6880 7843]
11.2–16 1 D 49.5 6.6 92.2 1.5 1.6 3.2 1.4 0.6 0.2 0.1 6.1 2.21 979
Mucking Gravel Lion Pit — lwr gravel 1 D 47.8 35.9 97.5 (1.1) 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.8 0.67 276 [TQ 5978 7821]
('Floor') 11.2–16 1 D 50.2 19.6 95.7 (03) 0.6 0.6 1.8 0.9 0.6 0.3 3.7 2.00 327
upper gravel (2) 2 D 67.1 5.9 95.3 0.8 0.8 3.5 3.9 255 [TQ 5978 7809]
11.2–16 2 D 59.4 3.2 94.2 1.1 1.1 1.9 1.5 0.4 0.4 4.7 1.29 465
Mucking 1A D 64.0 9.3 97.0 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.1 1.8 1.50 708 [TQ 6892 8154]
11.2–16 1A D 57.7 4.9 92.1 1.9 1.9 3.1 1.2 1.1 0.2 0.1 6.0 2.55 901
113D 37.4 13.3 92.5 4.9 4.9 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.3 2.6 2.00 345
Corbets Tey Gravel Stifford 1A 51.6 8.4 94.0 0.4 0.4 2.9 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.4 5.5 2.33 730 [TQ 5900 7908]
1B 52.5 • 92.9 0.9 1.0 3.5 1.4 0.5 0.1 5.9 2.46 918
11.2–16 1B 39.2 8.3 88.3 1.1 1.4 6.0 2.6 1.1 0.2 0.1 10.3 230 1277
Belhus Park, organic bed (3) 1 47.5 9.8 90.2 (0.3) 0.7 0.7 2.0 4.4 2.0 0.7 9.1 0.46 297 [TQ 575 811]
Belhus Park, upper gravel (3) 1 49.0 9.7 93.8 3.5 1.4 0.7 0.7 6.2 2.50 145
Purfleet, Esso Pit IA 44.8 16.9 91.8 0.5 0.5 2.5 3.0 1.6 7.4 0.82 366 [TQ 5607 7837]
11.2–16 1A 36.3 7.6 86.6 1.0 1.1 3.9 3.7 3.1 0.5 0.2 11.7 1.04 618
113 47.7 18.1 95.0 (37.3) 1.5 1.5 0.8 1.5 0.8 0.4 3.5 0.50 260
Globe Pit 1 D 57.9 11.2 93.1 3.2 3.5 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.2 3.4 0.71 653 [TQ 6251 7830]
2 D 50.2 10.5 93.2 3.1 3.1 1.3 0.7 0.7 0.8 3.7 2.00 617 [TQ 6251 7828]
11.2–16 2 D 40.7 5.4 90.5 4.4 4.7 2.1 0.8 1.2 0.2 0.1 4.5 2.73 1456
3 D 64.6 8.9 94.4 2.4 2.4 1.5 1.0 0.4 3.2 1.40 463 [TQ 6251 7827]
Barvills Fm Pit 1 D 67.9 11.8 92.9 3.3 3.3 1.7 1.1 0.4 0.1 3.6 1.50 722 [TQ 6811 7774]
11.2–16 1 D 55.6 5.6 91.8 2.7 2.9 2.2 1.7 1.1 0.3 03 5.3 2.08 1138
Orsett Heath Gravel Homchurch 1 41.8 0.7 92.6 2.3 2.3 2.0 1.4 0.6 0.6 5.1 1.17 352 [TQ 5464 8739]
railway cutting 2 28.9 11.7 90.2 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.3 1.6 0.9 0.9 7.9 0.80 429 [TQ 5464 8739]
Homchurch Dell 1 54.0 7.7 91.7 1.5 1.5 2.1 2.8 1.2 0.4 6.7 0.78 676 [TQ 5440 8675]
Globe Pit North (4) IA D 41.4 9.0 90.4 4.1 4.4 0.6 1.4 1.6 0.3 5.2 0.40 365 [TQ 6245 7855]
Linford 1 D 64.6 11.6 96.0 2.2 2.4 0.7 0.2 0.2 1.7 424 [TQ 6681 8028]
2 D 84.2 4.0 95.7 1.4 1.6 0.5 0.2 1.2 2.7 625 [TQ 6681 8028]
71.2–16 2 D 28.0 3.6 91.3 1.1 1.2 3.9 23 0.6 0.2 0.5 7.4 1.73 665
Swanscombe Lower Middle Gravel Bamfield Pit 1 1 D 58.2 9.8 93.9 0.9 1.2 2.4 1.8 0.5 4.8 1.37 1081 [TQ 5973 7430]
11.2–16 1 D 50.9 5.3 89.9 2.1 23 4.4 2.0 0.8 0.1 7.7 2.21 1703
2 D 48.5 12.7 92.7 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 0.5 0.1 0.2 5.0 1.05 992 [TQ 5973 7430]
11.2–16 2 D 41.6 5.5 89.7 3.0 3.1 3.5 1.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 6.8 2.42 1 785
Swanscombe Lower Gravel Barnfield Pit 3 D 55.5 8.3 94.3 1.0 1.0 2.3 1.3 0.5 0.2 0.1 4.5 1.75 931 [TQ 5974 7430]
11.2–16 3 D 36.5 5.9 89.0 (0.1) 2.5 2.7 4.0 2.9 0.5 0.1 0.1 8.3 1.90 1391
4 D 30.5 11.8 94.1 (0.4) 2.7 2.8 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 2.7 1.29 857 [TQ 5974 7430]
11.2–16 4 D 28.1 8.8 90.6 (0.3) 3.5 3.8 2.7 1.5 0.9 0.2 5.6* 1.74 1494
* Not separately recorded
Central and northern Essex Eastern Essex
Deposits of local rivers Deposits of local rivers
Low-level East Essex Gravel Subgroup East Essex Gravel Group
Anglian glacial deposits High-level East Essex Gravel Subgroup
Low-level Kesgrave Subgroup Kesgrave Sands and Gravels Group
High-level Kesgrave Subgroup

(Table 5.2) Clast-lithological composition of the gravels described in Chapter 5, Part 1.

Flint Southern Exotics
Gravel Site Sample Tertiary Nodular Total Gnsd chert Total Quartz Quartzite Carb chert Rhax chert Igneous Total Ratio (sthrn: q/qtzt) Ration (qtz:qtzt Total count National Grid reference
Anglian glacial gravels Ugley 1 41.9 23.7 87.9 3.5 0.8 1.5 0.4 1.9 11.9 4.55 520 [TL 516 278]
2 3.6 37.6 87.1 2.6 1.7 2.1 1.7 1.9 12.6 1.56 420
Upper St Osyth Gravel Fingringhoe 1A 15.4 13.0 80.8 2.4 2.4 4.1 4.3 4.1 1.4 0.8 16.8 0.29 0.95 369 [TM 0419 2017]
113 15.9 13.7 81.7 0.7 0.7 5.7 6.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 17.7 0.05 0.84 453
St Osyth 2 8.7 19.1 89.8 2.1 2.1 4.2 0.9 2.1 0.2 8.1 0.41 4.35 530 [TM 1196 1704]
11.2–16 2(b) 14.9 9.4 78.4 2.4 2.4 11.9 1.0 2.7 0.4 0.3 18.8 0.18 12.50 714
Upper Holland Gravel Bypass Rd. 1A 9.9 21.3 82.1 8.8 9.5 3.8 0.4 2.3 0.4 8.4 2.27 2.50 263 [TM 1161 1703]
1B 12.6 16.1 74.8 18.6 19.6 2.5 0.6 1.3 0.6 5.7 6.20 4.00 317
Earls Hall 1 1 11.5 11.3 75.8 21.7 21.7 0.3 0.8 0.5 2.2 19.75 0.33 364 [TM 1432 1625]
11.2–16 1(b) 16.0 8.8 803 10.2 10.5 4.2 1.5 2.7 0.3 0.1 9.1 1.86 2.78 932
2 13.6 77.6 15.0 15.0 3.0 0.3 2.8 0.8 7.2 4.50 11.11 361 [TM 1429 1625]
Burrs Road 1 10.8 • 64.8 30.0 31.4 0.7 1.4 1.4 3.8 45.00 287 [TM 1926 1735]
2 11.6 66.0 28.4 28.8 3.1 1.3 0.6 5.3 9.20 320 [TM 1927 1734]
Holland-on-Sea 1 15.5 9.7 70.7 24.5 24.7 2.2 0.2 1.0 0.5 4.6 10.20 11.11 413 [TM 2108 1662]
2A 15.7 9.0 68.9 25.1 25.1 3.0 0.7 0.7 0.3 6.0 6.70 4.35 267 [TM 2109 1663]
(transitional?) 2B 23.7 13.5 71.3 15.6 16.1 4.7 5.2 1.4 0.2 12.6 1.62 0.90 422
Lower St Osyth Gravel Fingringhoe 1C 31.4 12.5 85.1 4.8 8.0 1.9 14.9 0.60 376 [TM 0419 2017]
Moverons 1 29.0 16.0 80.8 0.6 0.6 8.4 7.0 1.4 1.0 18.3 0.04 1.20 929 [TM 0711 1818]
2 30.8 16.5 79.6 1.1 1.1 11.2 5.3 0.7 0.5 19.3 0.07 2.13 1031 [TM 0712 1819]
11.2–16 2 32.3 5.9 73.5 1.6 1.7 14.2 7.6 1.7 0.8 29.7 0.08 1.89 1330
3 31.8 13.1 77.5 0.6 0.7 11.4 7.8 1.3 0.7 21.7 0.04 1.47 994 [TM 0699 1825]
St Osyth 1A 35.4 77.1 0.5 0.5 11.1 7.7 1.8 0.2 22.4 0.03 1.45 559 [TM 1161 1704]
1B 30.6 • 79.8 1.5 1.6 10.4 4.9 1.3 0.7 18.6 0.10 2.13 748
11.2–16 1B 30.1 7.7 78.0 1.7 1.7 12.5 4.8 2.0 0.5 20.2 0.10 2.63 1325
Lower Holland Gravel St Osyth 3 31.6 16.8 83.1 1.4 1.4 10.3 2.7 1.6 0.5 15.3 0.11 3.29 561 [TM 1201 1703]
5 21.8 10.8 80.0 4.6 4.9 5.8 6.8 1.8 0.3 15.1 0.39 0.85 325 [TM 1213 1665]
6 29.5 16.0 81.2 2.2 2.5 8.8 5.3 1.3 16.0 0.18 1.67 319 [TM 1225 1688]
Bush Paddock 1 43.3 10.5 83.9 4.8 5.1 5.9 3.7 0.8 0.3 11.0 0.53 1.59 647 [TM 1357 1611]
11.2–16 1 40.8 5.7 75.6 10.5 10.8 9.2 2.4 08 0.1 0.2 13.6 0.79 3.85 1215
Holland-on-Sea 2C 32.8 11.9 80.6 2 2 2.2 8.0 7.5 1.0 0.2 17.2 0.14 1.06 412 [TM 2109 1663]
2D 26.7 13.9 81.5 1.8 1.8 9.2 5.6 1.1 0.3 16.5 0.12 1.64 655
Holland Haven lA 24.9 84.0 2.4 2.9 7.3 3.7 1.6 0.3 0.3 13.1 0.26 1.96 382 [TM 2208 1744]
1B 34.6 14.6 83.1 2.3 3.1 9.6 4.6 0.4 13.9 0.24 2.08 260
2 25.3 82.2 2.8 3.0 8.4 3.9 1.7 0.2 0.2 14.8 0.24 2.17 534 [TM 2205 1743]
11.2–16 2 31.4 7.2 76.8 5.2 5.2 12.4 2.2 1.4 0.2 0.9 18.0 0.36 5.64 939
Clacton cliffs 4C 33.9 15.2 81.3 8.5 9.0 3.2 4.4 1.2 0.7 9.7 1.18 0.72 433 [TM 1739 1433]
4D 38.7 12.6 81.5 5.3 5.6 6.4 2.8 2.0 0.3 12.9 0.61 2.27 357
11.2–16 4D 39.9 6.6 78.7 10.2 10.4 5.5 3.6 1.2 0.4 10.8 1.15 1.52 804
Wivenhoe Gravel Wivenhoe 113 25.1 17.8 80.1 0.8 0.8 5.4 9.7 2.7 0.3 18.3 0.05 0.56 371 [TM 0494 2330]
(Wiv.U.Gr.) 2A 30.4 14.7 74.6 0.4 0.7 12.4 9.5 14 0.4 24.7 0.03 1.31 283 [TM 0495 2358]
Arlesford 1 36.0 8.1 73.6 0.4 0.4 14.2 8.1 2.6 0.7 26.0 0.02 1.75 458 [TM 0711 2192]
11.2–16 1 31.1 4.7 66.1 1.4 1.4 17.7 10.6 2.1 1.1 32.4 0.05 1.67 716
2 21.5 16.9 82.6 0.9 0.9 7.3 7.0 1.5 0.6 16.6 0.06 1.04 344 [TM 0711 2192]
Cooks Green Gravel Cooks Grn 1A 21.3 83.8 3.2 3.2 7.2 3.5 10 0.5 13.0 0.30 2.04 625 [TM 1889 1856]
1B 27.2 14.4 84.2 2.0 2.0 8.3 2.2 2.8 13.8 0.19 3.70 492
11.2–16 1B 26.9 7.1 72.6 3.7 3.7 16.4 4.7 1.2 0.3 23.7 0.17 3.45 1205
2 29.4 12.7 83.0 3.3 3.3 8.1 4.1 0.3 0.3 13.5 0.27 1.96 394 [TM 1898 1840]
Gt Holland 1 25.5 19.1 84.0 1.7 1.7 8.4 6.0 0.7 16.0 0.12 1.41 419 [TM 2112 1892]
11.2–16 1 25.9 8.6 80.3 3.1 3.2 8.9 5.5 1.8 0.1 0.2 16.5 0.22 1.61 1289
Little Oakley Silts and Sands L Oakley AB 33.6 12.6 87.4 0.8 0.8 4.2 5.9 1.7 11.8 0.08 0.71 119 [TM 2233 2952]
11.2–16 AB 26.9 7.2 72.9 2.0 2.0 11.2 9.8 2 0 24.8 0.09 1.14 295
AC 33.7 16.7 83.7 0.4 0.4 9.5 4.8 0.4 0.4 15.9 0.03 1.96 252 [TM 2223 2951]
11.2–16 AC 29.7 8.5 73.1 1.6 1.6 13.2 9.1 1.2 0.1 0.6 25.2 0.07 1.45 674
AF 26.0 14.3 80.3 1.8 1.8 9.4 6.3 1.3 17.9 0.11 1.49 223 [TM 2233 2946]
11.2–16 Al, 28.8 6.4 70.8 2.2 2.3 15.3 6.9 3.8 0.6 26.9 0.11 2.23 640
Martells Gravel Ardleigh 3 20.5 14.1 76.6 1.6 1.6 10.4 8.2 1.4 0.2 0.8 21.9 0.08 1.26 512 [TM 0515 2800]
4C 19.3 13.2 76.7 0.7 0.7 11.7 7.3 2.5 0.2 0.5 22.6 0.03 1.61 605 [TM 0519 2807]
11.2–16 4C 26.2 6.5 72.5 1.0 1.2 14.3 7.6 2.7 0.3 1.0 21.8 0.05 1.89 596
Ardleigh Gravel Ardleigh 1 26.8 15.4 75.6 0.7 0.7 11.9 7.5 0.8 1.5 23.6 0.04 1.58 590 [TM 0536 2802]
11.2–16 1 27.1 7.7 72.3 1.3 1.7 15.9 7.3 2.2 0.2 25.9 0.07 2.13 1008
2 23.7 19.2 80.0 1.3 1.5 9.3 5.4 2.0 17.7 0.10 1.72 615 [TM 0533 2805]
11.2–16 2 29.0 6.4 69.9 0.7 1.0 14.9 9.5 3.0 0.7 29.1 0.04 1.57 1219
411 29.3 13.0 75.4 1.3 1.3 9.8 9.4 1.1 1.1 23.0 0.07 1.04 447 [TM 0519 2807]
(Ardleigh L.Gr.) 4A 33.3 12.7 72.0 0.4 0.4 11.4 13.9 1.1 0.9 27.5 0.01 0.82 553
Oakley Gravel Dovercourt DA 30.3 12.1 79.2 2.1 2.4 9.8 4.7 1.6 1.1 18.5 0.17 2.08 379 [TM 2328 3027]
11.2–16 DA 25.3 83 75.0 4.7 4.9 11.7 5.5 1.7 20.1 0.28 2.13 783
Little Oakley KA 30.3 15.5 80.2 2.0 2.0 8.6 7.2 0.6 0.2 0.3 17.8 0.13 1.19 653 [TM 2191 2947]
11.2–16 KA 25.7 9.1 76.4 2.1 2.2 11.9 7.0 1.9 0.2 0.3 213 0.12 1.70 673
Waldringfield Gravel Newney 1 52.9 • 72.5 0.5 0.5 10.5 11.7 0.8 1.2 26.5 0.02 0.90 599 TL 645 064]
Green 2 55.3 4.1 70.6 0.6 0.6 14.7 10.2 0.8 0.6 24.9 0.02 1.45 490
Mistley Hth 1 26.3 13.7 82.7 1.6 1.6 9.6 9.0 1.6 15.6 0.09 1.06 365 [TM 1282 3125]
* Not separately recorded

(1) (for comparison. N.B. non-durables excluded — see, however, (Table 3.1), and notes appended to (Table 4.2)., page 181)

(Table 5.3) Correlation of gravel formations in Essex within the Kesgrave Group with deposits in other areas.[Image only]

(Table 5.4) The Pleistocene sequence at Newney Green (after Rose et al., 1978; Whiteman, 1990; see also (Figure 5.6)). [Image only]

(Table 5.5) Clast-lithological composition of gravels described in Chapter 5, Parts 2 and 3.

Flint Southern Exotics
Gravel Site Sample Teriary Nodular Total (Gnsd chert Hastings Beds Total Quartz Quartzite Carb chert Rhax chert Total Ratio (sthrn: q/qtzt Ratio (qtz:qtzt) Total count National Grid Reference
Tributary gravels
Blackwater Terrace 2 Gt Totham 1 31.7 10.0 80.5 0.2 0.2 8.7 7.2 2.0 0.5 19.0 0.01 1.20 609 [TL 865 091]
71.2–16 1 28.4 5.7 78.1 7.1 1.1 9.8 6.4 2.7 0.2 20.5 0.07 1.53 1092
gravel 2 41.2 9.8 78.6 11.2 8.5 0.8 0.6 21.2 1.32 481.0 [TL 865 091]
11.2–16 2 34.3 5.2 77.8 0.4 0.4 11.8 6.8 1.6 0.4 21.8 0.02 1.72 834
E. Mersea Restaurant Gravel Restmt site 1 35.4 12.7 85.2 7.4 7.6 4.6 2.0 0.3 0.3 7.1 1.07 2.25 393 [TM 0526 1362]
11.2–16 1 41.5 4.2 83.1 83 8.4 4.3 23 1.0 0.1 8.4 1.26 1.86 1197
Hippo site 1 42.2 12.9 83.7 6.2 6.2 4.0 4.0 1.1 0.2 10.2 0.78 1.00 630 [TM 0653 1434]
Tollesbury Gravel Garlands Fm IA 37.8 12.9 83.6 9.4 3.5 1.1 0.1 16.2 2.71 805 [TL 9467 1059]
I B 40.4 * 82.6 0.1 0.1 11.6 3.9 0.4 17.3 0.01 3.00 987
11.2–16 1B 33.9 8.6 77.5 0.5 0.5 14.7 3.1 1.8 22.0 0.03 4.72 1475
Gravel above Maldon Till Maldon 1 32.1 18.2 78.8 7.3 8.5 1.2 21.2 0.86 411 [TL 8417 0670]
112–16 1 28.2 80 65.0 1.2 1.5 18.4 7.4 1.8 03 33.1 0.06 2.50 326
11.2–16 3 25.5 73 74.2 0.4 0.4 113 8.0 1.8 25.1 0.02 1.41 275
Anglian glacial gravel Ugley 1 41.9 23.7 87.9 3.5 0.8 1.5 0.4 11.9 0.22 520 [TL 516 278]
2 3.6 37.6 87.1 2.6 1.7 2.1 1.7 12.6 0.64 420
Brightlingsea Gravel 1 26.4 12.9 80.5 0.3 0.3 11.0 8.2 1.9 21.4 0.01 1.33 364 TM 1282 3125]
11.2–16 2 27.8 73.0 0.9 0.9 153 70 2.5 0.4 26.1 0.09 2.18 800
East Mersea Hippo site, gravel in brickearth 1 44.4 12.5 84.7 11.6 11.6 1.6 1.9 0.3 3.8 3.36 0.83 320 [TM 0652 1434]
Low-level East Essex Gravel
Barling/Dammer Wick Gravel D. Wick 1 52.0 14.5 88.3 10.6 10.9 0.4 0.4 0.8 14.00 1.00 256 [TQ 9614 9268]
11.2–16 1 46.9 2.4 87.8 9.8 10.0 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.4 2.3 7.50 2.33 752
Barling 1 33.7 * 80.4 18.6 18.6 1.0 1.0 19.00 306 [TQ 9318 9018]
Mersea Island Gravel West Mersea 1 38.6 * 82.4 14.0 0.2 14.2 1.9 0.9 0.3 3.5 5.13 2.20 578 [TM 0134 1361]
2 44.8 7.9 87.7 9.5 10.0 1.2 0.2 0.5 2.3 7.17 5.00 431 [TM 0144 1373]
Fen Farm 1 47.6 * 87.2 10.7 10.7 1.5 0.4 0.2 2.2 5.50 4.00 553 [TM 0590 1444]
2 52.3 2.9 90.0 7.6 7.6 1.2 0.6 0.2 0.4 2.3 4.33 2.00 512 [TM 0583 1437]
71.2–16 2 47.5 2.9 88.2 8.7 8.7 1.7 0.5 0.4 0.1 3.1 3.86 3.38 1573
Cudmore Grove 1 47.1 11.6 89.9 6.7 6.8 1.1 1.5 0.3 0.2 3.3 2.57 0.75 1061 [TM 0667 1451]
2 45.3 8.8 85.0 11.5 11.6 1.4 1.0 0.7 3.4 4.88 1.29 671 [TM 0676 1458]
Point Clear I 33.1 * 77.3 19.9 0.2 20.1 0.9 0.7 0.4 2.6 22.80 568 [TM 1023 1480]
Cudmore Grove Channel 1 40.2 11.6 85.0 14.0 14.0 0.7 0.3 1.0 14.00 2.00 301 TM 0664 1447]
lag gravel( 12)11.2–16 1 48.1 4.1 86.9 9.9 0.6 10.8 1.3 0.7 0.4 2.4 5.50 1.80 715
Wigborough Gravel Wigborough 1A 42.9 * 85.0 4.1 0.3 4.4 5.9 3.4 0.3 10.1 0.53 1.75 387 [TM 1176 1447]
Wick 113 40.4 8.0 79.7 6.7 0.2 7.1 8.0 3.5 0.5 13.1 0.62 2.25 565
Jaywick 1 51.0 4.3 81.3 4.8 4.8 7.0 5.3 0.2 13.7 0.39 1.32 416 [TM 1502 1419]
11.2–16 1 42.1 4.1 82.4 6.0 6.0 7.3 2.0 0.7 0.2 11.6 0.65 3.69 813
Upper gravel at West Cliff Clacton 4A 45.0 10.5 89.1 8.1 8.1 0.8 0.9 0.9 2.8 4.62 0.86 742 [TM 1739 1433]
cliffs 413 41.0 8.1 83.8 13.4 13.4 0.4 0.9 1.3 2.9 10.17 0.50 456
11.2–16 4B 51.4 4.6 86.6 8.9 9.0 2.7 1.4 0.2 0.2 4.4 2.18 1.94 1217
Clacton Channel Gravel Lion Point 1 28.2 * 79.2 17.8 17.8 1.2 1.5 0.3 3.1 6.57 0.75 259 [TM 1445 1274]
2 42.3 9.8 86.9 8.9 0.3 9.2 2.6 0.7 0.3 3.9 2.80 4.00 305 TM 1445 1274]
11.2–16 2 46.5 5.6 88.9 6.1 6.1 2.2 0.7 0.7 0.4 4.9 2.10 3.20 721
Butlins 1 46.0 9.3 90.1 7.2 7.2 1.5 0.3 0.6 2.4 4.00 4.00 335 [TM 1546 1382]
11.2–16 1 39.8 4.9 85.9 8.0 0.1 8.2 2.2 23 0.4 0.4 5.7 1.86 0.95 973
Southchurch/Asheldham Gravel Southend 1 33.6 * 76.2 20.9 21.2 0.7 0.2 0.5 1.1 2.6 26.00 4.00 613 [TQ 8962 8750]
Goldsands 1A 41.6 * 84.0 12,8 13.5 0.9 0.5 0.9 2.3 15.00 445 [TQ 9609 9901]
Pit 1B3' 51.7 * 88.8 9.50 0.2 9.9 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 1.4 14.17 1.00 862
2,30 41.3 11.9 88.0 10.0 10.2 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 1.8 7.08 3.00 834 [TQ 9608 9897]
Chalkwell/Caidge Gravel Caidge Fm 1 44.7 10.3 74.6 23.7 1.3 25.2 0.3 0.3 98.00 389 [TQ 9471 9940]
11.2–16 1 38.4 5.9 69.1 29.4 1.2 30.9 524
Chalkwell Pk 1 58.9 2.4 55.1 15.2 0.2 0.2 494 [TQ 8579 8636]
Canewdon./St Lawrence Gravel St Law. 1 11.2 * 36.3 62.6 63.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 289.00 457 [TL 9677 0408]
11.2–16 1(4) 9.8 1.9 34.6 65.1 65.4 1069
Canewdon 1B 45.5 9.8 73.0 26.2 0.5 26.9 0.2 0.2 167.00 622 [TQ 8973 9468]
Belfairs/MaylandGravel Bovill Uplands 1A 60.3 * 85.5 14.0 0.3 14.2 0.3 0.3 54.00 380 [TQ 9252 9998]
1C 46.6 13.3 74.4 24.1 0.6 25.6 324
11.2–16 1C 503 3.7 72.8 25.6 1.1 27.0 644
Belfairs Pk 1 39.5 8.4 65.2 34.1 0.3 34.5 0.3 0.3 299 [TQ 8336 8764]
Ashingdon Gravel Mount View 1 43.2 * 80.3 19.7 19.7 620 [TQ 8545 9339]
11.2–16 1 46.2 3.3 75.2 23.9 0.1 243 0.1 03 184.00 757
Oakwood Gravel Oakwood 1 62.9 6.8 73.1 26.7 0.2 26.9 558 [TQ 8234 8839]
11.2–16 1 44.6 3.1 69.0 30.2 0.4 30.9 0.2 0.2 1099
Daws Heath Gravel Daws Heath 1 63.5 8.3 86.1 13.2 0.3 13.7 0.2 0.2 613 [TQ 8068 8887]
11.2–16 1 523 2.5 76.5 22.4 0.6 23.3 0.2 0.2 1200
Claydons Gravel Claydons 1 72.7 2.7 89.9 9.6 0.2 10.0 553 [TQ 8017 8896]
11.2–16 1 61.2 2.0 83.9 15.8 16.0 0.1 0.1 112.00 701

(Table 5.6) Gravel formations in eastern Essex. [Image only]

(Table 5.7) Ostracods from Great Totham (identifications by T. Allen).

Height (cm) above base of organic clays and silts
Species Group 0–15 15–30 30–50 50–70 70–90
Cyclocypris-serena (Koch) 1 — Common Very rare — —
Candona candida (Müller) 2 Very rare Common Common Very rare —
Candona neglecta Sars 2 Very rare Abundant Abundant Very rare —
Ilyocypris bradyi Sars 2 — Common Common — —
Cypria opbthalmica (Jurine) 3 — Common Very rare — —
Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr) 4 Very rare Very common Common — —
Eucypris zenkeri (Chyzer) 4 — Rare — — —
Limnocythere inopinata (Baird) 4 — Rare Very rare — —
Herpetocypris sp. ? — Rare Very rare — —
Potamocypris sp. ? — -- Very rare Very rare — —
Overall frequency Very rare Very common Common Very rare Absent

(Table 5.8) Plant macrofossils from Lofts Farm Pit, Great Totham (identifications by M. Pettit).

Height above London Clay
2m 2.5m 3m
Ranunculus subgenus Ranunculus la — 1a
Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium 8.5a 9.5a 5a
Potentilla anserina 1a — —
Potentilla sp. 2a 2a 5a
Wok sp. — is —
Silerze vulgaris cf. subspecies ( maritima) 1s is —
Carex sp. 7n 6n 3n
Scirpus lacustris 1n — —
Eleocharis palustris 2n — —
Potamegeton sp. 20fst 20fst 20fst
Zannichellia palustris 16a 22a 3a
Hippuris vulgaris — 4a —
Linum perennes subspecies (anglicum) — 1s 1s
Moss fragment — + —
a: achene; n: nut; fst: fruitstone; s: seed.

References